Question & Answer

1. What does this analysis assume about the price elasticity of demand for the new entrant (a) above PL; (b) below PL? 2. Can you think of any limitations with the limit price model?

Presented below is information related to Ivan Calderon Corp. for the year 2014. Net sales $1,300,000 Write-off of inventory due to obsolescence $ 80,000 Cost of goods sold 780,000 Depreciation expense omitted by accident in 2013 55,000 Selling expenses 65,000 Casualty loss (extraordinary item) before taxes 50,000 Administrative expenses 48,000 Cash dividends declared 45,000 Dividend revenue 20,000 Retained earnings at December 31, 2013 980,000 Interest revenue 7,000 Effective tax rate of 34% on all items Instructions (a) Prepare a multiple-step income statement for 2014. Assume that 60,000 shares of common stock are outstanding. (b) Prepare a separate retained earnings statement for 2014.

On March 1, 2014, Sealy Company sold its 5-year, $1,000 face value, 9% bonds dated March 1, 2014, at an effective annual interest rate (yield) of 11%. Interest is payable semiannually, and the first interest payment date is September 1, 2014. Sealy uses the effective-interest method of amortization. Bond issue costs were incurred in preparing and selling the bond issue. The bonds can be called by Sealy at 101 at any time on or after March 1, 2015. Instructions (a) (1) How would the selling price of the bond be determined? (2) Specify how all items related to the bonds would be presented in a balance sheet prepared immediately after the bond issue was sold. (b) What items related to the bond issue would be included in Sealy’s 2014 income statement, and how would each be determined? (c) Would the amount of bond discount amortization using the effective-interest method of amortization be lower in the second or third year of the life of the bond issue? Why? (d) Assuming that the bonds were called in and redeemed on March 1, 2015, how should Sealy report the redemption of the bonds on the 2015 income statement?

Ramirez Company has a held-for-collection investment in the 6%, 20-year bonds of Soto Company. The investment was originally purchased for $1,200,000 in 2013. Early in 2014, Ramirez recorded an impairment of $300,000 on the Soto investment, due to Soto’s financial distress. In 2015, Soto returned toprofitability and the Soto investment was no longer impaired. What entry does Ramirez make in 2015 under (a) GAAP and (b) IFRS?

Your client, Keith Moreland Leasing Company, is preparing a contract to lease a machine to Souvenirs Corporation for a period of 25 years. Moreland has an investment cost of $365,755 in the machine, which has a useful life of 25 years and no salvage value at the end of that time. Your client is interested in earning an 11% return on its investment and has agreed to accept 25 equal rental payments at the end of each of the next 25 years. Instructions You are requested to provide Moreland with the amount of each of the 25 rental payments that will yield an 11% return on investment.

Rembrandt Company acquired a plant asset at the beginning of Year 1. The asset has an estimated service life of 5 years. An employee has prepared depreciation schedules for this asset using three different methods to compare the results of using one method with the results of using other methods. You are to assume that the following schedules have been correctly prepared for this asset using (1) the straight-line method, (2) the sum-of-the-years’-digits method, and (3) the double-declining-balance method. Year Straight-Line Years’-Digits Balance 1 $ 9,000 $15,000 $20,000 2 9,000 12,000 12,000 3 9,000 9,000 7,200 4 9,000 6,000 4,320 5 9,000 3,000 1,480 Total $45,000 $45,000 $45,000 Instructions Answer the following questions. (a) What is the cost of the asset being depreciated? (b) What amount, if any, was used in the depreciation calculations for the salvage value for this asset? (c) Which method will produce the highest charge to income in Year 1? (d) Which method will produce the highest charge to income in Year 4? (e) Which method will produce the highest book value for the asset at the end of Year 3? (f) If the asset is sold at the end of Year 3, which method would yield the highest gain (or lowest loss) on disposal of the asset?

What is meant by the principal–agent problem? Give two examples of this problem that you have come across in your own experience.

Data for Anita Baker Company are presented in E23-18. Instructions Prepare entries in journal form for all adjustments that should be made on a worksheet for a statement of cash flows.

What approaches have been suggested to overcome the seasonality problem related to interim reporting?

What is the fair value option? Briefly describe the controversy of applying the fair value option to financial liabilities.

Describe the differences between a proportional, progressive, and regressive tax rate structures.

How might the volatility of an economy affect the growth of potential output?

AMR Corporation (parent company of American Airlines) reported the following for 2011 (in millions). Service cost $366 Interest on P.B.O. 737 Return on plan assets 593 Amortization of prior service cost 13 Amortization of net loss 154 Compute AMR Corporation’s 2011 pension expense.

If factor X costs twice as much as factor Y (Px/Py = 2), what can be said about the relationship between the MPPs of the two factors if the optimum combination of factors is used?

A plastic extrusion process produces round extrudate with a mean diameter = 28.6 mm. The process is in statistical control and the output is normally distributed with standard deviation = 0.53 mm. Determine the process capability.

Assume the same information as E14-6. Instructions Set up a schedule of interest expense and discount amortization under the effective-interest method. (Hint: The effective-interest rate must be computed.)

The gage length of a tensile test specimen = 150 mm. It is subjected to a tensile test in which the grips holding the end of the test specimen are moved with a relative velocity = 0.1 m/s. Construct a plot of the strain rate as a function of length as the specimen is pulled to a length = 200 mm.

On November 24, 2014, 26 passengers on Windsor Airlines Flight No. 901 were injured upon landing when the plane skidded off the runway. Personal injury suits for damages totaling $9,000,000 were filed on January 11, 2015, against the airline by 18 injured passengers. The airline carries no insurance. Legal counsel has studied each suit and advised Windsor that it can reasonably expect to pay 60% of the damages claimed. The financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2014, were issued February 27, 2015. Instructions (a) Prepare any disclosures and journal entries required by the airline in preparation of the December 31, 2014, financial statements. (b) Ignoring the November 24, 2014, accident, what liability due to the risk of loss from lack of insurance coverage should Windsor Airlines record or disclose? During the past decade, the company has experienced at least one accident per year and incurred average damages of $3,200,000. Discuss fully.

A flux-cored arc-welding process is used to join two low alloy steel plates at a 90° angle using an outside fillet weld. The steel plates are ½ in thick. The weld bead consists of 55% metal from the electrode and the remaining 45% from the steel plates. The melting factor of the steel is 0.65 and the heat transfer factor is 0.90. The welding current is 75 amps and the voltage is 16 volts. The velocity of the welding head is 40 in/min. The diameter of the electrode is 0.10 in. There is a core of flux running through the center of the electrode that has a diameter of 0.05 in and contains flux (compounds that do not become part of the weld bead). (a) What is the cross-sectional area of the weld bead? (b) How fast must the electrode be fed into the workpiece?

What impact does the financial accelerator have on the marginal propensity to consume domestically produced goods (mpcd)? How does this affect the IS curve?

Assume the bonds in BE14-2 were issued at 98. Prepare the journal entries for (a) January 1, (b) July 1, and (c) December 31. Assume The Colson Company records straight-line amortization semiannually.

The following two independent situations involve loss contingencies. Part 1: Benson Company sells two products, Grey and Yellow. Each carries a one-year warranty. 1. Product Grey—Product warranty costs, based on past experience, will normally be 1% of sales. 2. Product Yellow—Product warranty costs cannot be reasonably estimated because this is a new product line. However, the chief engineer believes that product warranty costs are likely to be incurred. Instructions How should Benson report the estimated product warranty costs for each of the two types of merchandise above? Discuss the rationale for your answer. Do not discuss disclosures that should be made in Benson’s financial statements or notes. Part 2: Constantine Company is being sued for $4,000,000 for an injury caused to a child as a result of alleged negligence while the child was visiting the Constantine Company plant in March 2014. The suit was filed in July 2014. Constantine’s lawyer states that it is probable that Constantine will lose the suit and be found liable for a judgment costing anywhere from $400,000 to $2,000,000. However, the lawyer states that the most probable judgment is $1,000,000. Instructions How should Constantine report the suit in its 2014 financial statements? Discuss the rationale for your answer. Include in your answer disclosures, if any, that should be made in Constantine’s financial statements or notes.

The following are three independent, unrelated sets of facts relating to accounting changes. Situation 1: Sanford Company is in the process of having its first audit. The company has used the cash basis of accounting for revenue recognition. Sanford president, B. J. Jimenez, is willing to change to the accrual method of revenue recognition. Situation 2: Hopkins Co. decides in January 2015 to change from FIFO to weighted-average pricing for its inventories. Situation 3: Marshall Co. determined that the depreciable lives of its fixed assets are too long at present to fairly match the cost of the fixed assets with the revenue produced. The company decided at the beginning of the current year to reduce the depreciable lives of all of its existing fixed assets by 5 years. Instructions For each of the situations described, provide the information indicated below. (a) Type of accounting change. (b) Manner of reporting the change under current generally accepted accounting principles, including a discussion where applicable of how amounts are computed. (c) Effect of the change on the balance sheet and income statement.

It is possible that as people get richer they will spend a smaller and smaller fraction of each rise in income (and save a larger fraction). Why might this be so? What effect will it have on the shape of the consumption function?

Using the IS/MP framework illustrate how the financial accelerator affects the extent of the rise in output following a positive demand-side shock.