Environmental accounting reports; ABC and ABM for environmental costs Many countries provide motivation for entities to produce environme

Equivalent units under weighted average and FIFO Francisco’s mass-produces folding chairs in Port Sorrell. All direct materials are added at the beginning of production, and conversion costs are incurred evenly throughout production. The following production information is for the month of May:       Required (a)        Calculate the equivalent units used to calculate cost per unit under the weighted average method. (b)        Calculate the equivalent units used to calculate cost per unit under the FIFO method.

List three factors that managers might consider in deciding whether to expend resources to reduce spoilage.

List two factors that could affect managers’ choices for the number of times and points in processing to inspect units.

An entity has one machine through which is drawn a standard type of wire to make nails. With minor adjustments, different sized nails are produced with different sized wire. Would you recommend that the entity employ job or process costing methods?

Classification of rework costs, uncertainties, critique of rework and scrap policy Fran Markus is in the cost accounting group at Boats Galore, a large manufacturing company that produces customised boats and yachts. The company sometimes experiences quality problems with its fibreglass raw material, causing flawed areas in boat hulls. The problem is often fixed by reworking the flawed areas. Other times the hull is scrapped because it is too flawed, and a new hull is fabricated. The spoilage policy at Boats Galore is to charge the cost of rework and spoilage to overhead unless it arises because a hull design is particularly complicated. In those cases, the cost is assigned to the job.   Two boats currently under construction require triple the amount of materials and labour time to enhance boat security. The customer wants each hull to be able to withstand the explosion of a small bomb. It is the company’s first order with this hull construction. Because of the new design and fibreglass process, the customer has agreed to a cost-plus contract and will pay cost plus a fixed percentage of cost. This contract assures that Boats Galore does not incur a loss from developing the enhanced security hull. This week, the third layer on one of the boat hulls had a flaw in the fibreglass. The area was reworked, after which it met the security requirements.   Fran receives weekly data on labour and materials for each boat under construction. For regular production, workers estimate the time and materials used to rework flawed fibreglass areas, and Fran adds those costs to overhead instead of recording them as a cost of the particular job. Now she needs to decide how to record the cost of rework for the enhanced security hulls. The production people are not sure whether the flaw was due to poor quality fibreglass or to the triple hull design. If Fran adds the cost to the job order, the customer will pay for the labour and supplies as part of the cost-plus price. If she adds the cost to overhead, the cost will be spread across all jobs and only part of it will be allocated to the job having the enhanced security hulls.   Required (a)     Critique the company’s accounting policy for rework and scrap. (b)     Describe uncertainties about the accounting treatment for the rework costs on the enhanced security hull job. (c)      Discuss the pros and cons of alternative accounting treatments for the rework costs on this job. (d)     Suppose you are an accounting work-experience student at Boats Galore. Fran asks you to recommend an accounting treatment for the rework costs on the enhanced security hull job. i) Write a memo to Fran with your recommendation. As you write the memo,          consider what information Fran will need from you to help her make a final            decision. ii) Write one or two paragraphs explaining how you decided what information to   include in your memo.

Effects of robotic equipment on overhead rates 'Our costs are out of control, our accounting system is screwed up, or both!' screamed the sales manager. 'We are simply non-competitive on a great many of the jobs we bid on. Just last week we lost a customer when a competitor underbid us by 25 per cent! And I bid the job at cost because the customer has been with us for years but has been complaining about our prices.'                                 This problem, raised at the weekly management meeting, has been getting worse over the years. The Johnson Tool Company produces parts for specific customer orders. When the entity first became successful, it employed nearly 500 skilled machinists. Over the years the entity has become increasingly automated and now uses a number of different robotic machines. It currently employs only 75 production workers but output has quadrupled.   The problems raised by the sales manager can be seen in the portions of two bid sheets brought to the meeting (as reproduced). The bids are from the cutting department, but the relative size of these three types of manufacturing costs is similar for other departments.   The cutting department charges overhead to products based on direct labour hours. For the current period, the department expects to use 4000 direct labour hours. Departmental overhead, consisting mostly of depreciation on the robotic equipment, is expected to be $1 480 000.   An employee can typically set up any job on the appropriate equipment in about 15 minutes. Once machines are operating, an employee oversees five to eight machines simultaneously. All that is required is to load or unload materials and monitor calibrations. The department’s robotic machines will log a total of 25 000 hours of run time in the current period.   For bid 74683 the entity was substantially underbid by a competitor. The entity did get the job for bid 74687, but the larger jobs are harder to find. Small jobs arise frequently, but the entity is rarely successful in obtaining them.             Required (a)     Critique the cost allocation method used within the current cost accounting system. (b)     Suggest a better approach for allocating overhead. Allocate costs using your approach and compare the costs of both jobs under the two systems. (c)      Discuss the pros and cons of using job costs to determine the price for a job order.

Plant-wide versus production cost pools Flexible Manufacturers produces small batches of customised products. The accounting system is set up to allocate plant overhead to each job using the following production cost pools and overhead allocation rates       Actual resources used for job 75:       The manufacturing accountant wants to simplify the cost accounting system and use a plant wide rate. If the preceding costs are grouped into a single cost pool and allocated based on labour hours, the rate would be $35 per direct labour hour.   Required (a)          What cost should be allocated to job 75 using the plant-wide overhead rate? (b)          What cost should be allocated to job 75 using the production cost pool overhead rates? (c)           Why do the allocated amounts in parts (a) and (b) differ? (d)          Which method would you recommend? Explain your choice.

Job costing; overhead rates The Eastern Seaboard Company uses an estimated rate for allocating factory overhead to job orders based on machine hours for the machining department and on a direct labour cost basis for the finishing department. The company budgeted the following for last year:       During December, the cost record for job 602 shows the following:   Required (a)     What is the estimated overhead allocation rate that should be used in the machining department? In the finishing department? (b)     What is the total overhead allocated to job 602? (c)      Assuming that job 602 consisted of 200 units of product, what is the unit cost for this job? (d)     What factors affect the volume of production in a period? Can we know all of the factors before the period begins? Why? (e)      Explain why the company would use two different overhead allocation bases.

Accounting for scrap You are helping a friend, Jonah, set up a new accounting system for a small start-up construction company. He specialises in custom, energy efficient homes that are built on a cost-plus basis. Cost-plus means that his customers pay a fixed percentage above the sum of direct and overhead costs.   As he goes through the accounts, Jonah asks why you set up a separate account for scrap. He does not believe that scrap should be recorded anywhere in his accounting system because it is worth little, and theft is no problem. He makes weekly trips to a recycling plant where he receives a small sum for the scrap. Most of the time Jonah is working on only one house and the scrap is only for that house. However, once in a while he is working on several houses, and the scrap for all of the houses is recycled at once.   Required (a)     Explain the two ways that scrap can be recorded in a job costing system. (b)     Choose the appropriate method for Jonah and explain your choice. (c)      Suppose you are a prospective homeowner. Explain to Jonah why you believe the revenue from scrap associated with your home should be recorded as a reduction in your costs rather than his overall costs. (d)     Write a brief (and diplomatic) paragraph to convince Jonah that he needs to account for the revenues from scrap.

Cost of rework; control of scrap; accounting for scrap Dapper Dan Draperies manufactures and installs custom-ordered draperies.   Required (a)     For all drapes, occasionally the sewing equipment malfunctions and the drape must be reworked. Explain how to account for the cost of rework when it is needed. (b)     Explain how to account for the cost of rework when customers choose a fabric that is known to require rework. (c)      Explain why scrap will always arise in this business. (d)     Dapper Dan can sell scraps to quilting groups or just throw them away. List several factors that could affect this decision. (e)      If Dapper Dan decides to sell scraps, explain the accounting choices for recording the sales value.

Collecting overhead cost information A family member asked you to review the accounting system used for Hanna’s, a custom stained glass manufacturing business. The owner currently uses a software package to keep track of her bank account, but she does not produce financial statements. The owner seeks your help in setting up a costing system so that financial statements can be produced on a monthly basis.                           Required (a)     What kind of costing system is needed for this setting? (b)     You plan to categorise the banking data for entry into the financial statement records. List the categories you might use for these entries. List only broad categories here [see parts (c), (d), and (e) for more details.] (c)      List several costs that might be included in a fixed overhead category. (d)     List several costs that might be included in a variable overhead category. (e)      List several costs that might be included in direct materials. (f)      Write a memo to the owner discussing the alternative choices for the costing system. Include an explanation of the type of information that would need to be captured to support the costing system.

Spoilage journal entries Jones Company manufactures custom doors. When job 186 (a batch of 14 custom doors) was being processed in the machining department, one of the wood panels on a door split. This problem occurs periodically and is considered normal spoilage. Direct materials and labour for the door, to the point of spoilage, were $35. In addition, a storm caused a surge in electricity, and a routing machine punctured the wood for job 238. This incident occurred at the beginning of production, so spoilage amounted to only the cost of wood, at $200.   Required (a)     Prepare the journal entries for normal and abnormal spoilage. (b)     Now suppose that the wood from abnormal spoilage can be sold for $25. Record the journal entries for the disposal value. (c)      Jones Company is considering hiring someone to inspect all wood after it arrives at the plant, but prior to production. Discuss the pros and cons of hiring an inspector.